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Pregnancy and Reefkeeping

reefdup DIY May 15, 2023May 15, 2023aquarium, Bites, Chemicals, Ergonomics, pathogens, poison, Pregnancy, Reefkeeping, Safety, Smell, Stings, Venom, Vibrio 0 Comment

[If you are experiencing a medical emergency, please contact 911 or whatever emergency service is available in your area!]

In honor of Mother’s Day this year in the United States, this post covers the considerations and risks of keeping a saltwater aquarium while becoming a
mother. Many years ago, I was pregnant with my first child, and I was appalled at the little amount of information available on pregnancy and reefkeeping. Unfortunately, as I’m reposting this article, there is still very little information. If you’re reading this post thinking, “I’m not pregnant, so I don’t care,” then at least read it for the safety of those around you. A lot of the medical risks exist regardless of pregnancy status. Hopefully my experience and referenced scientific studies will help someone! If you prefer to avoid the scares, you can skip to the bottom for recommendations.

Disclaimer: I am not a medical-related professional in any capacity. If you have a medical concern, seek help from a professional. This article is provided only for basic information and awareness.

Changes in Smell during Pregnancy

An abnormal sense of smell was reported in 76% of pregnant women in a study published by Oxford University Press.¹ In early pregnancy, I was continuously nauseous. The smell of “low tide” was practically unbearable and only worsened my nausea. Water changes were particularly gut-wrenching. Later in pregnancy, the smell did not bother me as much.

Ergonomic Considerations

Water weighs approximately eight pounds per gallon (or roughly a kilogram per liter for the rest of the world). Lifting water for water changes or top-off may be excessive, depending on the health/ physical condition of the woman. I was used to carrying five gallons of water for top-off every couple of days, but later in pregnancy I was unable to safely lift that amount of weight. Talk to your doctor about how much weight is safe for you to lift.

My tank was a “tall” tank at 31″ high in addition to the 30″ stand. In order to reach into the tank, I had to use a step-stool. Medical professionals sometimes frown upon pregnant women elevating themselves due to the risk of falling. Although a small step-stool may seem like little-to-no risk, I had a non-pregnant friend fall and break her wrist while she cleaned her tank. Pregnant women may find themselves with less balance than usual due to a change in their
center of gravity and loosened ligaments.

Potential Pathogens in Reefkeeping that can Affect Pregnancy

Here’s the real problem. The scientific community knows very little about marine environments, especially how they interact with humans (let alone pregnant humans). The following information is not meant to scare anyone; it is meant to educate. As many pregnant women will attest, there is enough scary information out there (eat this, but don’t eat that; work out, but not too much; be calm, but worry about everything!) There is absolutely no way to
avoid all risks. I educated myself the best I could, and then I made the decision to continue maintaining my aquariums. My favorite part of reefkeeping is rescuing dying/diseased animals, and due to that elevated risk, I decided to stop rescuing while I was pregnant. In my opinion, there are too many known pathogens that are transmissible to humans in order to safely treat diseases while pregnant. Considering how much the scientific/medical community learns every day about pathogens, I did not want to be the first case of some bizarre new disease while pregnant.

Vibrio

For those of you who follow my rescuing endeavors, you probably know how much I hate Vibrio. It’s a gram-negative bacteria that is incredibly difficult to treat in marine animals. It often presents itself in humans as sepsis (septicemia), gastrointestinal distress, and/or open sores. This bacteria is one of the
reasons that pregnant women are told to not eat raw seafood. Some of the antibiotics most effective against Vibrio may not be safe for pregnant women, so a less-effective medication may have to be used. I use Kanamycin on my fish, and this antibiotic is known to cause hearing loss in a developing fetus. Your doctor will have to weigh the medication benefits/risks against the severity of the infection.²

Brucella

This is another gram-negative bacteria present in marine environments and is usually associated with eating raw seafood. It can cause granulomas in the brain, and it may present with symptoms similar to meningitis.³ Again, the most effective antibiotics may not be safe for pregnant women.²

Mycobacterium

This bacteria is most commonly associated with Tuberculosis, and it is transmissible from marine animals to humans. As an example, sea lions at a zoo in the Netherlands were infected with Mycobacterium, and six of their 25 handlers tested positive for the disease.⁴ There have been several documented cases of Mycobacterium marinum infections in reefkeepers (not pregnant), and you can see their disturbing images here.⁵ Additionally, the medications used to treat Tuberculosis can cross the placenta to the fetus.⁶

Aeromonas

The phrase, “Don’t drink the water when travelling abroad,” is often due to Aeromonas spp. bacteria. It is usually associated with gastrointestinal distress.⁷ Once again, the drugs required to treat the illness are not entirely safe with pregnancy.

Erysipelothrix

This is a gram-positive bacteria usually associated with animal-centric occupations (e.g., veterinarian, biologist, farmer). Usually it presents as a cutaneous lesion, and it can lead to complications.⁸

Others

There are many other bacteria associated with marine environments and animals known to cause disease/illness. Some of these include Edwardsiella, Salmonella, E. coli, etc.⁹

Bites, Stings, Poison, & Venom:

Unfortunately, this category is too large to discuss in great detail. Many simple coral stings may be easily treatable with vinegar followed by hot water, but an eel bite usually requires medical treatment with antibiotics and/or stitches. Knowing the difference between poison and venom is an important start to the discussion. Poison is defined as “a substance that through its chemical action usually kills, injures, or impairs an organism,” according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.¹⁰ Similarly, the dictionary defines venom as, “poisonous matter normally secreted by some animals (as snakes, scorpions, or bees) and transmitted to prey or an enemy chiefly by biting or stinging”.¹¹ Therefore, venom is essentially poison used intentionally to cause damage.

Palytoxin

Palytoxin dangers are highly debated, but regardless of the nuances, it is still one of the most toxic poisons known. It has a “lethal dose (LD59) in mice of 0.15 microgram per kilogram by intravenous injection”.¹² It is most commonly associated with palythoas (zoanthids), but it is also associated with dinoflagellates, crabs, fish, etc. (another reason why pregnant women should not eat raw seafood).^{13, 14, 15} There have been several human fatalities due to palytoxin (usually through ingestion of contaminated seafood). Further research determined, “its intravenous LD50 in the dog, rabbit, monkey, guinea pig, rat, and mouse range between 0.033 and 0.45 μg/kg.” This same study determined palytoxin is relatively non-toxic when administered intragastrically. It is an irritant and can cause tissue damage when applied topically.¹⁶ While most of us wouldn’t dream of injecting ourselves with palytoxic intentionally, many of us have been poked significantly with vermetid worm tubes or other sharp spines. Palytoxin is still quite toxic subcutaneously and dermally (so don’t rub a zoanthid on
yourself, get tank water in your eyes, or place an open wound into your tank).

Corals:

Corals contain nematocysts (stinging cells) on their tentacles that inject through human skin like tiny barbs. The sting from a coral may be painless, feel like an electric shock, itch like poison ivy, or even cause anaphylactic shock. For instance, fire corals inject a protein venom that causes a burning sensation (hence the name, “fire coral”).¹⁷

Other Animals:

Eels, lionfish, rabbitfish, urchins, and many other animals are known to bite, sting, or otherwise puncture. Sometimes, even the most innocuous creature will turn for the worst. I had a bicolor blenny who loved to bite me. Any open wounds, especially when caused by a marine creature, are subject to infection. Know what creatures you have in the tank that could create a wound or envenomate.

Chemicals

Many chemical products have a “Material Safety Data Sheet” (MSDS), or as it is now called, a “Safety Data Sheet” (SDS). These sheets list the ingredients, known hazards, and basic first aid information. Unfortunately, many of our aquarium products state, “proprietary blend”. Although unspecified ingredients are still required to have hazard information, there is still some risk due to unknowns (someone might be particularly sensitive to an unspecified ingredient). Pregnant women should particularly pay attention to the sections on “Teratogenic Effects” and “Developmental Effects”. These parts states what is known to cause harm to a developing baby. Since most women are unwilling to have invasive experimentation performed on their babies, there is very little information on the risks of various chemicals during pregnancy. You can find many of the common MSDS (SDS) through a simple search.

Consider looking up the following chemicals, if you use them. It is best to know the chemical manufacturer during the search, but that is certainly not always possible. I looked these all up back in 2015, and this is the information I found at that time (it may not be accurate today, but this is an example of what results may be.)

Calcium chloride – anhydrous (used to make calcium supplements): Teratogenic effects are not available.
Calcium hydroxide (kalkwasser; used to raise calcium and alkalinity): Teratogenic effects are not available.
Magnesium chloride (used to make magnesium supplements): Teratogenic effects are not available.
Magnesium sulfate (used to make magnesium supplements): Teratogenic effects are not available.
Sodium bicarbonate (used to make alkalinity supplements): Teratogenic effects are not available.
Sodium carbonate (used to make alkalinity supplements): Teratogenic effects are not available.
CoralRx (coral dip): Teratogenic effects are not available.
Bayer Advanced Insecticide (sometimes used as a coral dip): “DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: In an oral developmental toxicity study in rats treated with beta-cyfluthrin, decreased fetal body weights and an increased incidence of skeletal findings were observed at the maternally toxic and lethal high dose level (40 mg/kg).”
Levamisole (used as a coral dip): “DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female [POSSIBLE].”
Lugol’s Iodine (used as a coral dip): Teratogenic effects are not available.
Red Sea Reef Foundation Test Kit (tests calcium, alkalinity, and magnesium): “Mg Reagent A contains Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, but at levels below the threshold for classification. This compound has been found to have effects on reproduction and fertility. No compounds present in the reagents have been identified as having carcinogenic, mutagenic properties.”

Recommendations for a Pregnancy and Reefkeeping:

You can significantly reduce your risks to the pregnancy while reefkeeping by avoiding aquarium maintenance. However, if you decide to continue caring for aquariums, then I recommend speaking with a medical professional, considering the following the subsequent advice, and continuously re-evaluating your risk tolerance. Be honest and up-front with your doctor, and take the provided medical advice seriously. Wear gloves and other personal protective equipment as much as possible. Less exposed skin is better.

If you are fragging, then also wear eye protection (a face mask and face shield are advisable as well). Limit lifting, climbing, or other strenuous activity, especially if your doctor recommends against it. After aquarium maintenance, wash every exposed body part with hot water (as hot as is safe) and soap. Scrub thoroughly. Do not touch your face before you wash. Also, please do not eat, drink, or smoke while performing aquarium maintenance (or smoke at all while pregnant). This will help limit ingestion of poisons/bacteria.

Be familiar in first aid, and have those in your household also become familiar in first aid. For any injuries, contact medical personnel. Typical treatment for most aquarium stings/bites/etc. is to soak the area in vinegar for about 15 minutes, followed by a soak in hot water (as hot as you can safely withstand without burns) for about 30-90 minutes. The vinegar will help dissolve the nematocysts and prevent them from further discharging. Many poisons/venoms are broken down by heat (although some are intensified with heat, so contact medical personnel!)¹⁸ If you develop any rashes, lesions, or develop odd symptoms (loss of vision, heart palpitations, wheezing, numbness, etc.), then also contact medical personnel immediately!

Stay up to date on your immunizations (particularly tetanus if you plan to continue reefkeeping). Make a list of your aquarium inhabitants and potential exposures, and provide this to your doctor. I also kept a list of these things along with other relevant medical information in my purse. Sometimes medical issues will surface long after the initial exposure, so it’s important to have the information written in case you are unable to relay potential exposure information. After the baby is born, make sure the aquarium area is baby-proofed. Curious little hands will find every hazard!

Conclusion on Pregnancy and Reefkeeping:

Although I continued to perform aquarium maintenance, I stopped rescuing coral/fish due to the increased risks. I experienced no aquarium-related injuries and had a healthy baby. Although this is not a comprehensive list of marine hazards to a developing baby and its mother, hopefully it is an educational start. Reduce the risks where possible, and if you must accept some risk, be prepared on how to handle it. Good luck! If you can think of other hazards, let me know in the comments!

References:

Note: These references are now quite dated; the links may not work and/or the information may be superceded. Please review the latest studies and speak with your medical professional.

Nordin, Steven, et al. “A Longitudinal Descriptive Study of Self-reported Abnormal Smell and Taste Perception in Pregnant Women.” Chemical Senses (2004) 29 (5): 391–402.
Norwitz ER, Greenberg JA. “Antibiotics in Pregnancy: Are They Safe?” Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009;2(3):135-136.
Sohn AH, Probert WS, Glaser CA, et al. “Human Neurobrucellosis with Intracerebral Granuloma Caused by a Marine Mammal Brucella spp.” Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003;9(4):485-488.
Hu, G, et al. “Meta- and Pooled Analyses of the Effect of Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 Deficiency on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.” The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 12, no 12, December 2008, 1474-1481.
Pro, Steven. “Mycobacterium marinum: The Fish Disease You Could Catch”, Reefkeeping, 2003, http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-07/sp/feature/.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/specpop/pregnancy.htm, accessed 2 May 2015.
Vila J, Ruiz J, Gallardo F, Vargas M, Soler L, Figueras MJ, et al. “Aeromonas spp. and traveler’s diarrhea: clinical features and antimicrobial resistance.” Emerg Infect Dis [serial
online] 2003 May [date cited].
Reboli, A C, and W E Farrar. “Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: An Occupational Pathogen.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2.4 (1989): 354–359. Print.
Clarridge, J E et al. “Extraintestinal Human Infection Caused by Edwardsiella Tarda.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 11.5 (1980): 511–514. Print.
“Poison,” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poison, accessed 10 May 2015.
“Venom,” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/venom, accessed 10 May 2015.
Richard E. Moore and Paul J. Scheuer, “Palytoxin: A New Marine Toxin from a Coelenterate,” Science, 30 April 1971: 172 (3982), 495–498.
Arthur M. Kodama, Yoshitsugi Hokama, Takeshi Yasumoto, Masakazu Fukui, Sally Jo Manea, Neal Sutherland, “Clinical and laboratory findings implicating palytoxin as cause of ciguatera poisoning due to Decapterus macrosoma (mackerel),” Toxicon, Volume 27, Issue 9, 1989, Pages 1051-1053.
Angel C. Alcala, Lawton C. Alcala, John S. Garth, Daisuke Yasumura, Takeshi Yasumoto, “Human fatality due to ingestion of the crab Demania reynaudii that contained a palytoxin-like toxin,” Toxicon, Volume 26, Issue 1, 1988, Pages 105-107.
Yutaka Onuma, Masayuki Satake, Takanori Ukena, Jean Roux, Suzanne Chanteau, Noelson Rasolofonirina, Mamy Ratsimaloto, Hideo Naoki, Takeshi Yasumoto, “Identification of putative palytoxin as the cause of clupeotoxism,” Toxicon, Volume 37, Issue 1, January 1999, Pages 55-65.
J.S. Wiles, J.A. Vick, M.K. Christensen, “Toxicological evaluation of palytoxin in several animal species,” Toxicon, Volume 12, Issue 4, August 1974, Pages 427-433.
Eric Borneman, “Venomous Corals: The Fire Corals,” Reefkeeping, November 2002. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-11/eb/
“Marine Animal Bites or Stings,” http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000032.htm, accessed 10 May 2015.

Assessing Coral Health: An Introduction

reefdup DIY, How To, Rehabilitation June 26, 2021October 16, 2022AEFW, bleached, brown jelly disease, Coral Health, disease, Dying Coral, fragged, fragmentation, husbandry, infected, infested, parasite, poison, starvation, Stung, Tegastes acroporanus 9 Comments

Even on a smaller scale than global reef decline, the ability to assess coral health is essential. I am often asked how I know where to even start to rescue corals. In my opinion, determining how healthy the coral is, or what the problem might be, is usually the first step. This is an introduction on assessing coral health to determine what might be causing the coral stress.

Assessing Coral Health for Stung Corals:

Corals stung by another coral are probably the most easy to save. These corals are healthy overall, but a portion of them is damaged. As long the coral avoids infection and no further damage occurs, then healing is rather quick. When a coral “stings” another coral, the stung coral is sometimes actually “digested.” When corals have to compete for territory, they expel their digestive organs, called mesenterial filaments, and use them to digest a nearby coral. This typically results in one area of severe damage and no damage elsewhere. A coral stung this coral shown, but the remaining tissue was very healthy. You can read more about the Trachyphyllia’s recovery here.

Lack of Proper Husbandry:

A lack of proper husbandry is typically a slow process. It can result in the tissue between polyps receding first. As shown here, portions of recent die-off right are beside healthy tissue and coralline-encrusted skeleton. With these corals, good water parameters are essential. Removal of invasive algae is also critical. These corals typically do not need much additional care. You can read more about this Lobophyllia’s recovery here.

Assessing Poorly-Fragmented Corals:

When a coral is improperly fragmented, various outcomes are possible depending on damage. Sometimes the tissue rips apart improperly, or the skeleton is crushed underneath intact tissue. As long as there is about half the polyp left, the coral typically survives with the natural healing process. This Euphyllia coral unfortunately became infected and died.

Corals with Pest Damage or Parasites:

Attempting to rescue an infected coral is risky, as it may infect other corals. This type of rescue requires a proper quarantine tank and medications on hand. Typically, once the pests and any eggs are removed, the coral will heal quickly on its own. Here, this infected Acropora has both Acropora-eating flatworms and red bugs (Tegastes acroporanus). With proper treatments to remove both pests, this coral made a full recovery.

Assessing Coral Health due to Infections:

Attempting to rescue infected corals can be dangerous, complex, and expensive. Any attempts require a dedicated hospital tank, proper supplies (including a microscope), and extensive knowledge in coral diseases and treatments. Furthermore, keeping a low expectation for coral survival is key. These infections vary by cause (e.g., bacterial, viral, fungal, ciliate, etc.), so the owner must tailor treatment to the cause. Determining the cause can be nearly impossible without the proper equipment. Any attempts also require the utmost caution, as some infections are transferable to humans. This coral shown had “brown jelly disease.”

Bleached Corals:

Coral bleaching also has a variety of causes, and knowledge of the cause can help determine possible solutions. Assessing a bleached coral’s health can be challenging as high light, chronic low light, high temperature, low temperature (rare cases), lack of oxygenation, and some infections can cause bleaching. Since a bleached coral is lacking its typical zooxanthallae population (the symbiotic algae that lives inside the coral’s tissues and produces food for the coral), it will need regular feedings. Unfortunately, in my experience, sometimes these corals never thrive again, even with coloration return.

The photo below shows several corals that were poisoned with household bleach. An angry customer poured it into a local fish store’s tanks, which killed all the livestock. I attempted to save everything that still had tissue, but even these corals eventually died.

Starved Corals:

Although starvation is more commonly seen in non-photosynthetic corals (NPS), it is still possible in photosynthetic corals as well. This is more likely to occur in in ultra-low nutrient systems, also known as ULNS. Here, a Dendrophyllia coral is starving, shown by the algae-encrusted skeleton. Regular feedings are essential in these cases.

Poisoned Corals:

Poisoned corals usually have retracted tissue with areas of white skeleton showing. Tissue colors are usually brown or white, depending on the toxin. Any other typical colors (e.g., blues, reds, greens) are muted. This coral was poisoned by either the flatworm treatment a LFS used, or by the flatworm toxins themselves. You can read more about this coral’s amazing recovery here.

As shown, coral health has a multitude of causes, and only a few examples were shown here. If you would like to continue learning about coral pathology, a more technical source is available on NOAA.

Dying Lithophyllon Coral Rehabilitation

reefdup Lithophyllon, Rehabilitation February 8, 2021February 8, 2021carbon, chalice coral, Coral, Dying Coral, flatworm, Lithophyllon, poison, quarantine, Rehabilitation, Rescue Coral 0 Comment

A local fish store (LFS) called me to ask if I wanted to try to save some of their corals. An employee had overdosed their reef tanks with a chemical used to treat flatworms (I was not told what chemical it was). When I arrived, honestly, I was shocked at how bad many of the corals were. I don’t know if these corals were dying from an overdose of some unknown chemical or if the flatworm toxins were killing them. Either way, something was poisoning these corals to death. I picked up two “chalice” corals, amongst others. These dying Lithophyllon coral mouths were gaping open, the tissue was falling off, and what tissue did remain was barely hanging on. Rehabilitation was going to be dicey. (Photo of Litho#1 taken 11 May 2013)

Dying Lithophyllon Coral Inspection and Dipping:

When I brought them home, I temperature acclimated them to my quarantine tank and prepared the dips. Like most of my rescues, I dipped the corals for pests. (Photo of Litho#2 taken 11 May 2013)

*NOTE: This post tracks the corals as “Litho#1” and “Litho#2” to show individual progress.

Coral Quarantine:

After the dips, I placed the two dying Lithophyllon corals into my quarantine tank in a low light, low flow area. I made sure that no crabs would bother the coral, especially with all the decaying tissue. Since the corals were poisoned, I made sure the quarantine tank had new carbon to help absorb anything that the corals might leach. Both corals did start to quickly recede, so I tried to stop it by smearing a bead of superglue gel along the receding edge (white lumpy band in the photos below). Rehabilitation was definitely already proving rough. (Photo of Litho#1 taken 11 May 2013)

Receding Lithophyllon Coral (Photo of Litho#1 taken 9 June 2013)

The corals also refused to eat until about a month after I received them. I started them on fish food pellets (shown here and above) since they are quite processed. In my experience, sick corals seem to digest fish pellets better than whole foods (like mysis, etc.) This helps them recover faster. (Photo of Litho#2 taken 9 June 2013)

Coral Grow-Out:

After stopping the recession with superglue and maintaining regular feedings, the corals started to heal quickly. And how great they started looking! After 30 days in quarantine, I inspected, re-dipped, and placed them into the grow-out tank. (Photo of Litho#2 taken 4 August 2013).

Regular feedings likely helped the coral recover. (Photo of Litho#1 taken 12 October 2013)

Here is Litho#2 on 3 November 2013.

A month later (8 December 2013), Litho#2 was growing down its skeleton.

Fully Rehabilitated Lithophyllon Coral:

Nearly a year later, both previously dying Lithophyllon corals were growing rapidly. This Litho#2 is shown on 1 May 2014, when it was fully rehabilitated. Below is a close-up shot showing the corals’ beautiful patterns.

Conclusion:

I had very little hope for these dying Lithophyllon corals due to their poisoned state. However, the fast reaction of the LFS along with continued care over a year fully rehabilitated these two corals. Shown below are the before/after photos of the dying Lithophyllon coral rehabilitation. One coral was nearly immediately rehomed, and the other coral was rehomed a couple years later.